Research - International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences ( 2023) Volume 12, Issue 9
Assess the Child-Parent Relationship among Working Mother and Non-working Mother in Selected Community, Bhubaneswar
Kshirabdhi Tanaya1*, Sakuntala Giri2, Meghna Mishra3 and Subhashree Moharana332Assistant Professor, Department of psychiatric nursing, S‘O’A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
3B.sc nursing 4th year, SUM Nursing college, S‘O’A Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India
Kshirabdhi Tanaya, Assistant Professor, Department of psychiatric nursing, S‘O’A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar,, India, Email: ktktanaya@gmail.com
Received: 19-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. ijmrhs-23-110772; Editor assigned: 23-Aug-2023, Pre QC No. ijmrhs-23-110772(PQ); Reviewed: 04-Sep-2023, QC No. ijmrhs-23-110772(Q); Revised: 17-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. ijmrhs-23-110772(R); Published: 30-Sep-2023
Abstract
Introduction: There are two kinds of mothers who are working outside home; working mother or who are non-working mother (Housewives). Most of the working mothers gave the time to her child may not quantitative but that time may really qualitative. And in case of non-working mothers, they do their domestic work and not only they look after their children but also they take care of all family members. Methods: A non-experimental comparative study was conducted among working mothers and non-working mothers in Baramunda urban community with certain objectives. 1. To evaluate the child-parent relationship among working and non-working mothers. 2. To compare the child-parent relationship between working mothers and non-working mothers. 3. To find out the association between child-parent relationship among working and non-working with selected demographic variables. Total 100 numbers of samples were included in the study through non probability purposive sampling technique. Results: In analysis, study result revealed that the majority 82% of working mothers was having average level of child parent relationship and 76% of non-working mothers were having average level of child parent relationship. Result also evaluated that there was significant association between level of child- parent relationship in working mothers with type of job (χ2=7.027, p=0.008), type of family (χ2=5.767, p=0.016) and the significant association found between level of child-parent relationship in non-working mothers with type of family (χ2=4.778, p=0.043). Discussion: In 2017, Sweta Agrawal explained in her research study that children of non-working mothers possess better social, emotional and home adjustment than children of working mothers. Conclusion: Study concluded that there is average level of child parent relationship among both working and non-working mothers.
Keywords
Working mother, Quantitative, Non-working mother, Child-parent relationship
Introduction
In a family, children are the important part and future of the life. They need care, love, support and emotional interaction which are very valuable, and this responsibility always carried by mother and other family members who are stay with the children [1]. Mother tends to be the primary caregiver for the children rather other members in family. As a mother she plays an important role in the children's all stage of life and is responsible for the qualitative growth in physical, social, emotional and cognitive/mental health [2].
There are two kinds of mothers who are working outside home; working mother or who are non-working mother (Housewives). Most of the women who are educated are working outside and the time that she gave to her child may not quantitative but that time may really qualitative [3]. And in case of non-working mothers, they do their domestic work and not only they look after their children but also, they take care of all family members [4].
However, some study revealed that the children of non-working mothers were excited, tender hearted, sensitive and more protected [5]. Therefore we are conducting study to know more about what is the actual child-parent relationship among working mother and non-working mother [6]. They need to be care enough for the betterment of our society as per the children's right, they should be nurtured properly and carefully. As we belong to the nursing profession it's our first and foremost duty and responsibility to give emphasize to the children who are having adjustment [7]. Every mother nurture and love their children for the all-round development whereas, the negligent behavior of a mother towards her children may drag them towards a wrong path which leads to maladjustment behavior or the problem of social adjustment [8].
Nowadays more women are becoming highly educated thus they prefer to work outside the home rather than to be a homemaker and to become an independent woman [9]. In that instance the children are being look after by other family member or by any caretaker in their absence [10].
However, some study revealed that the children of non-working mothers were excited, tender hearted, sensitive and more protected [11]. Therefore researchers were interested for conducting a study related to such kind of relationship among child and parent to know more about what is the actual child-parent relationship among working mother and non-working mothers.
Material and Methods
Study Design and Setting
A descriptive survey design was used for the current research study. Data were collected from participants in Baramunda urban community, Bhubaneswar.
Sample
All working and non-working mothers who are reaching the inclusion criteria, residing in selected urban community, Bhubaneswar.
Sample Size
In the present study sample size is 100.
Methods of Data Collection
Before staring the procedure, prior permission was taken from the higher authority of the village and written consent was also taken from the participants. Ethical permission was taken from the respective university for conducting the research study. Self-structured questionnaire was prepared for collecting the data from the participants. One tool was administered to assess the socio-demographic data and another structured tool was used to assess the child-parent relationship. This child parent relationship questionnaire tool contains total 20 questions. Minimum Score-0, High Score-20. Scoring pattern was like: Poor Knowledge=0-7, Intermediate Knowledge=8-14, Adequate Knowledge=15-20. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize the variables.
Table 1 shows insights into the demographic and socio-economic profile of a group of individuals. Key findings include a predominance of individuals in the 31-45 age groups, a high proportion of government jobholders, a predominantly Hindu population, and a substantial number of individuals residing in nuclear families. Additionally, a notable percentage of respondents have a monthly family income between 21,000 and 40,000. The data also highlights a complete absence of individuals with no formal education, Muslims, Christians, self-employed individuals, or those with mothers working more than 8-hour shifts. These findings provide a snapshot of the study population's characteristics and can be valuable for further analysis and decision-making.
| Age (In Year) | Working | Non-Working | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | |
| <30 | 16 | 32 | 21 | 42 |
| 31-45 | 34 | 68 | 23 | 46 |
| ≥ 46 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 12 |
| Education |
|
|
|
|
| No formal education | 0 | 0 | 9 | 18 |
| ≤ Matriculation | 0 | 0 | 34 | 68 |
| Intermediate | 0 | 0 | 7 | 14 |
| Graduate and above | 50 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Type of job | ||||
| Private | 15 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
| Government | 35 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
| Self Employed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 50 | 100 | 29 | 58 |
| Muslim | 0 | 0 | 16 | 32 |
| Christian | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 |
| Duration of work shift of mother | ||||
| 8 hours | 50 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| <8 hours | 0 | 0 | 50 | 100 |
| >8 hours | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Type of family | ||||
| Nuclear | 21 | 42 | 18 | 36 |
| Joint | 29 | 58 | 25 | 50 |
| Extended | 0 | 0 | 7 | 14 |
| Family income per month | ||||
| ≤ 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 34 |
| 11,000-20,000 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 32 |
| 21,000-40,000 | 20 | 40 | 3 | 6 |
| ≥ 40,000 | 24 | 48 | 14 | 28 |
Table 2 showed that about 82.0% samples were average level of child-parent relationship and 18.0% were good level of child- parent relationship in working mothers. Similarly, 76.0% samples were average level of child- parent relationship and 24.0% were good level of child- parent relationship in non-working mothers.
| Level of child-parent relationship | Working | Non-Working | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | |
| Poor (30-70) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Average (71-110) | 41 | 82 | 38 | 76 |
| Good (111-150) | 9 | 18 | 12 | 24 |
| Total | 50 | 100 | 50 | 100 |
Table 3 showed, that the mean and standard deviation of level of child-parent relationship in working mothers were (2.18 ± 0.38) and non-working mothers were (2.24 ± 0.43), the standard error of working mother was 0.055 and non-working mother was 0.061 with the t-value was 8.72 at df=49 and p-value 0.019, which was statistically significant. Hence, it was concluded that the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted. Thus, it was indicated that there was a significant difference among working and non-working mothers at 0.05 level of significant.
| Group | Mean ± SD | SE | t-value | df | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working | 2.18 ± 0.38 | 0.055 | |||
| Non-working | 2.24 ± 0.43 | 0.061 | 8.72 | 49 | 0.019* |
p ≤ 0.05*=Significant |
|||||
The data presented in Table 4 showed that, Chi square test (χ2 ) explores the association between level of childparent relationship in working mothers with type of job (χ2 =7.027, p=0.008), type of family (χ2 =5.767, p=0.016).
| Variable | Working Mothers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chi-square (χ2) | df | p-value | Significant | |
| Age in years | ||||
| <30 | 2.009 | 1 | 0.925 | Not Significant |
| 31-45 | ||||
| ≥ 46 | ||||
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 1.214 | 1 | 0.685 | Not Significant |
| ≤ Matriculation | ||||
| Intermediate Graduate & above | ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Working | 2.046 | 1 | 0.718 | Not Significant |
| Non-Working | ||||
| Type of Job | ||||
| Private | 7.027 | 1 | 0.008* | Significant |
| Government | ||||
| Self Employed | ||||
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 3.611 | 1 | 0.629 | Not Significant |
| Muslim | ||||
| Christian | ||||
| Duration of work shift of mother | ||||
| 8 hours | 2.619 | 1 | 0.737 | Not Significant |
| <8 hours | ||||
| >8 hours | ||||
| Type of family | ||||
| Nuclear Joint | 5.767 | 1 | 0.016* | Significant |
| Extended | ||||
| Family income per month | ||||
| ≤ 10,000 | 1.956 | 2 | 0.09 | Not Significant |
| 11,000-20,000 | ||||
| 21,000-40,000 | ||||
| ≥ 40,000 | ||||
p ≤ 0.05*=Significant |
||||
The data presented in Table 5 showed that, Chi square test (χ2 ) explores the association between level of childparent relationship in non-working mothers with type of family (χ2 =4.778, p=0.043).
| Variable | Non-Working Mothers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chi-square (χ2) | df | p-value | Significant | |
| Age in years | ||||
| <30 | 2.85 | 2 | 0.326 | Not Significant |
| 31-45 | ||||
| ≥ 46 | ||||
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 1.014 | 2 | 0.602 | Not Significant |
| ≤ Matriculation | ||||
| Intermediate Graduate & above | ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Working | 1.838 | 1 | 0.821 |
Not Significant |
| Non-Working | ||||
| Type of Job | ||||
| Private | 1.361 | 1 | 0.243 | Significant |
| Government | ||||
| Self Employed | ||||
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 2.783 | 1 | 0.629 | Not Significant |
| Muslim | ||||
| Christian | ||||
| Duration of work shift of mother | ||||
| 8 hours | 1.425 | 1 | 0.521 | Not Significant |
| <8 hours | ||||
| >8 hours | ||||
| Type of family | ||||
| Nuclear Joint | 4.778 | 2 | 0.043* | Significant |
| Extended | ||||
| Family income per month | ||||
| ≤ 10,000 | 1.149 | 3 | 0.765 | Not Significant |
| 11,000-20,000 | ||||
| 21,000-40,000 | ||||
| ≥ 40,000 | ||||
p ≤ 0.05*= Significant |
||||
Discussion
The present study was assessing the child-parent relationship among working mothers and non-working mothers in selected community, Bhubaneswar. The study involved non experimental descriptive survey research design adopted for the study.
The majority of the 82.0% samples were average level of child- parent relationship in working mothers and 76.0% samples were average level of child-parent relationship non-working mothers.
The mean and standard deviation of level of child-parent relationship in working mothers were (2.18 ± 0.38) and non-working mothers were (2.24 ± 0.43), the standard error of working mother was 0.055 and non-working mother was 0.061 with the t-value was 8.72 at df=49 and p-value=0.019, which was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05).
The Chi square test (χ2 ) explores the association between level of child-parent relationship in working mothers with type of job (χ2 =7.027, p=0.008), type of family (χ2 =5.767, p=0.016).
The Chi square test (χ2 ) explores the association between level of child- parent relationship in non-working mothers with type of family (χ2 =4.778, p=0.043).
The children of working mothers and nonworking mothers were the subjects of a similar study to determine how they adjusted. 800 kids from working and nonworking mothers (400 in each group) were randomly chosen for the study's sample from primary schools in the Budgam and Srinagar districts. Data were gathered using the Bells Adjustment Inventory, which Qadri (1964) translated into Urdu, and analyzed using the t-test. For the results to be transparent, bar diagrams and line graphs were created. Children of working mothers and non-working mothers have been observed to adjust significantly differently. Children of nonworking mothers have been reported to have better social, emotional, and domestic adjustment than children of working mothers. Additionally, it has been discovered that kids with working moms do better financially than kids with stay-at-home moms. The study further revealed that there is a significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on composite score of adjustment [12].
Conclusion
At the end of this study, it has been concluded that there is average level of child-parent relationship in both working mothers and non-working mothers. Though working mothers are spending less time in home in comparison to nonworking mothers but still in both working and non-working mother group there is average level of relationship with their child as per the study findings.
Declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
This research received no external funding
Patient Consent
Consent has been taken from the participants.
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